Java如何生成唯一ID？示例代码附详解 |21xrx.com

Java如何生成唯一ID？示例代码附详解

2023-06-17 17:22:05 深夜i -- --

Java 唯一ID UUID Snowflake算法原子量

在Java开发中，生成唯一的ID是非常常见的需求。以下是介绍生成唯一ID的几种方式，并提供示例代码。

1. UUID（通用唯一识别码）

UUID是128位的唯一标识符，通常由32个字符组成。它可以通过Java的UUID类来生成，代码示例如下：


String uuid = UUID.randomUUID().toString().replaceAll("-", "");

2. Snowflake算法

Snowflake算法是Twitter开源的分布式ID生成算法，它可以在分布式系统中生成唯一有序的ID。下面是示例代码：


public class SnowFlake {
  private final static long START_STMP = 1480166465631L;
  private final static long SEQUENCE_BIT = 12;
  private final static long MACHINE_BIT = 5;
  private final static long DATACENTER_BIT = 5;
  private final static long MAX_DATACENTER_NUM = -1L ^ (-1L << DATACENTER_BIT);
  private final static long MAX_MACHINE_NUM = -1L ^ (-1L << MACHINE_BIT);
  private final static long MAX_SEQUENCE = -1L ^ (-1L << SEQUENCE_BIT);
  private final static long MACHINE_LEFT = SEQUENCE_BIT;
  private final static long DATACENTER_LEFT = SEQUENCE_BIT + MACHINE_BIT;
  private final static long TIMESTMP_LEFT = DATACENTER_LEFT + DATACENTER_BIT;
  private long datacenterId;
  private long machineId;
  private long sequence = 0L;
  private long lastStmp = -1L;
  public SnowFlake(long datacenterId, long machineId) {
    if (datacenterId > MAX_DATACENTER_NUM || datacenterId < 0) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("datacenterId can't be greater than MAX_DATACENTER_NUM or less than 0");
    }
    if (machineId > MAX_MACHINE_NUM || machineId < 0) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("machineId can't be greater than MAX_MACHINE_NUM or less than 0");
    }
    this.datacenterId = datacenterId;
    this.machineId = machineId;
  }
  public synchronized long nextId() {
    long currStmp = getNewstmp();
    if (currStmp < lastStmp) {
      throw new RuntimeException("Clock moved backwards. Refusing to generate id");
    }
    if (currStmp == lastStmp) {
      sequence = (sequence + 1) & MAX_SEQUENCE;
      if (sequence == 0L) {
        currStmp = getNextMill();
      }
    } else
      sequence = 0L;
    
    lastStmp = currStmp;
    return (currStmp - START_STMP) << TIMESTMP_LEFT
        | datacenterId << DATACENTER_LEFT
        | machineId << MACHINE_LEFT
        | sequence;
  }
  private long getNextMill() {
    long mill = getNewstmp();
    while (mill <= lastStmp) {
      mill = getNewstmp();
    }
    return mill;
  }
  private long getNewstmp() {
    return System.currentTimeMillis();
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    SnowFlake snowFlake = new SnowFlake(2, 3);
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
      System.out.println(snowFlake.nextId());
    }
  }
}

3. 原子量+时间戳

原子量是线程安全的，可以通过AtomicLong类来实现。代码示例如下：


private static final AtomicLong atomicLong = new AtomicLong(1);
private static long lastTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
public synchronized static long getId() {
  long currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
  if (currentTime < lastTime) {
    throw new RuntimeException("Clock moved backwards.");
  }
  if (currentTime == lastTime) {
    atomicLong.getAndIncrement();
  } else {
    atomicLong.set(1);
    lastTime = currentTime;
  }
  return Long.valueOf(String.format("%d%03d", lastTime, atomicLong.getAndIncrement() % 1000));
}

综上所述，生成唯一ID的方式有很多，而每种方式都有着不同的适用场景。开发者们在使用时可以根据自身的业务需求选择最合适的方式。

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